Application Of Cistanche Deserticola in Health Food
Mar 09, 2023
ZHOU Gang1 , GAO Jia-Min2*, CAO Jin2
(1. Inner Mongolia Institutes for Drug Control, Hohhot 010020, China; 2. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China)
ABSTRACT: Cistanche deserticola has a variety of health functions. There are 47 kinds of approved health food with Cistanche as raw material, and its health function is mainly to relieve physical fatigue, delay senility, enhance immunity and defecate. The development of health food with Cistanche as ingredient has broad prospect. This paper summarized the use of Cistanche as raw material in health food, introduced the chemical composition, pharmacological action and safety evaluation of Cistanche, summarized the approved health food with Cistanche as raw material, and analyzed the application of Cistanche in health food, in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of Cistanche as health food raw materials
KEY WORDS: Cistanche; Cistanche deserticola Y.C. Ma; Cistanchetubulosa (Schenk) Wight; health food
“Desert ginseng”Cistanche deserticola
0. Introduction
Cistanche deserticola was first recorded in the "Shennong Herbal Classic" and listed as the top grade [1], with records of "repairing five pains and seven injuries, and taking it for a long time to lighten the body". The Compendium of Materia Medica [2] records: "This material supplements but is not severe, so it has the name of calm. It is calm and gentle.". In recent years, due to the scarcity of resources and the long-term unreasonable mining, the wild cistanche is on the verge of depletion and has been listed as a national second-class protected plant. The 2005 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia first identified Cistanche deserticola, which is rich in resources, as the original plant. Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma or Cistanche deserticola (Schenk) Wight, a kind of dried fleshy stem with scaly leaves, is included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 2015. It tastes sweet, salty, and warm, belongs to the kidney and large intestine meridians, and has the effects of tonifying kidney yang, benefiting blood essence, moistening intestines, and defecating. It is mainly used for kidney yang deficiency, deficiency of blood essence, impotence, infertility, waist and knee weakness, weakness of muscles and bones, dry constipation, and other diseases [5].
Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Cistanche deserticola not only serves as a traditional Chinese medicine for tonifying the kidney and strengthening the yang, but also has many functions such as antioxidation, anti-aging, and immune regulation. The health food with Cistanche deserticola as the main raw material has gradually developed. There are 47 approved health food with Cistanche deserticola as the raw material. Its health functions are mainly to relieve physical fatigue, delay aging, enhance immunity, relieve constipation, etc. This paper introduces the main chemical components, pharmacological effects, and safety evaluation of Cistanche deserticola, and summarizes and analyzes the use of Cistanche deserticola as a raw material in health food, providing a reference for the development and utilization of Cistanche deserticola as a raw material for health food.
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1 .Chemical composition and pharmacological action
Because Cistanche deserticola has a definite clinical curative effect and health care function, the research on its effective components and pharmacological action has been the focus of Cistanche deserticola research. Cistanche deserticola is rich in active ingredients, including phenylethanoid glycosides, iridoids, lignans, polysaccharides, galactosyl, oligosaccharides, etc. Echinoside and poolside belong to phenylethanoid glycosides, and are the indicator components specified in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia [5]. The pharmacological effects of Cistanche deserticola are to improve sexual function, enhance memory, immune regulation, anti-aging, anti-oxidation, moisten intestines and relieve constipation, protect the liver, etc. [18 ⏴ 23]. With the continuous deepening of the research on Cistanche deserticola, the pharmacological effects and mechanism of the effective components of Cistanche deserticola have also been continuously clarified. It is the premise of the development of Cistanche deserticola industry to deeply study the effective material composition, pharmacological action, and mechanism of action of Cistanche deserticola ma.
At present, there are many studies on the pharmacological effects of the chemical components of Cistanche deserticola, mainly phenyl ethanol glycosides, polysaccharides, galactosyl, and oligosaccharides. Phenylethanol glycosides have a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as tonifying kidney yang, regulating immune function, enhancing memory, antioxidation, anti-aging, etc. [24 ⏴ 37]. Zhao Wei et al. [24] discussed in detail the pharmacological effects of phenylethanoid glycosides in 13 aspects, such as tonifying the kidney and strengthening the yang, protecting the liver, anti-aging, improving memory, etc. Wu Haihong et al. [25] evaluated the antioxidant activity of phenylethanoid glycosides from three aspects: the reducing ability, the scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenylpicrylphenylhydrazine free radicals, and the anti-lipid peroxidation ability of a linoleic acid system, and found that phenylethanoid glycosides have the strong antioxidant ability. Wu Yu et al. [26] found that echinacoside has a protective effect on acute liver injury in rats. Zhang Tao et al. [27 ⏴ 28] found that the total glycosides of Cistanche deserticola can significantly enhance the immune function of aging mice induced by D-galactose, make them recover or close to the state of young mice, and have the effect of delaying aging. Liu Meihong et al. [29] found that the phenylethanoid of Cistanche deserticola can improve learning and memory.
Desert living cistanche
The main function of polysaccharides is to enhance immune function [38 ⏴ 40]. Zeng Qunli et al. [38] studied the immune activity and mechanism of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides and found that polysaccharides can promote cells to enter the mitotic phase, and concluded that its promotion of mouse thymic lymphocyte proliferation is related to its promotion of calcium release in mouse thymic lymphocytes. Gao Xiaoxia et al. [39] elaborated on the pharmacological effect of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide on enhancing immune function.
The main function of galactose and oligosaccharides is to moisten the intestines and relieve constipation [10, 41]. Tu Pengfei et al. [41 ⏴ 42] found that Cistanche deserticola, Cistanche salina, and Cistanche tubulosa can significantly promote the peristalsis of the large intestine in mice, inhibit the absorption of water in the large intestine, and shorten the defecation time, with similar intensity. Studies on chemical constituents showed that Cistanche deserticola contains a large amount of galactosyl, which can improve the intestinal osmotic pressure. The content of galactosyl in three kinds of cistanche deserticola was the highest, followed by desert cistanche deserticola, and the lowest in tubular cistanche deserticola, and pharmacological studies showed that the inhibition
The order of action intensity of water absorption in the large intestine is also saline cistanche>desert cistanche>tubular cistanche. Zhang Baishun et al. [42] studied the dose-effect relationship of galactitol to moisten the intestines and relieve constipation and found that galactitol, the extract of Cistanche deserticola, has the effect of moistening the intestines and relieving constipation in normal animals at the concentration of 1.1%, and the effect gradually increases with the increase of the dose, but when the concentration is about 10%, the dose-effect curve flattens, and the relieving effect no longer increases with the increase of the dose. Gao Yunjia et al.
2. Safety evaluation
The Shennong Herbal Classic [1] lists Cistanche deserticola as a top-grade medicine with a sweet taste and mild temperature. The Compendium of Materia Medica [2] and other ancient herbs clearly pointed out that Cistanche deserticola is "non-toxic". Cistanche deserticola has been a medicinal and edible species since ancient times. The years of edible and medicinal history show that Cistanche deserticola is safe and reliable. There are many ways to eat Cistanche deserticola the people, such as stewing, soup, porridge, wine, tea, etc. Various cooking methods make full use of its health care effects of tonifying the kidney, nourishing the five internal organs, improving immunity, and delaying aging, with high nutritional value and no side effects.
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On November 25, 2019, the National Health Commission and the State Administration of Market Supervision issued the Notice on the Pilot Work of the Management of 9 Substances, including Codonopsis pilosula, which are both food and traditional Chinese medicine according to the tradition (Guo Wei Shi Han [2019] No. 311), in which Cistanche deserticola (desert) is used as the pilot substance that is both food and traditional Chinese medicine according to the tradition, It shows that the National Health Commission has proved that Cistanche deserticola (desert ginseng) can be used as food for human consumption directly through a large number of experimental data research, and it has reliable safety.
Modern safety scientific experiments show that Cistanche deserticola has no toxic side effects. Huang Zongxi et al. [43] conducted toxicological studies on the food safety of Cistanche deserticola. The results of the acute toxicity test showed that the maximum oral tolerance of Cistanche deserticola to female and male mice was more than 20 g/kg body weight, and its dose was 600 times greater than the recommended dose of the human body, indicating that Cistanche deserticola belongs to non-toxic substances; Bai Guohui et al. [44] did not find that Cistanche deserticola had obvious toxicity in the study of acute toxicity and 90-day feeding toxicity of Cistanche deserticola; Lin Jian et al. [45] studied the reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity of Cistanche deserticola in rats. The results showed that Cistanche deserticola had no toxic effect on pregnant and fetal rats; Hu Yuming et al. [46] found that the acute toxicity test was non-toxic, and the genetic toxicity test was negative. There was no significant difference between the body weight, food utilization rate, blood routine, blood biochemistry, organ coefficient, and histopathological examination and the control group. The conclusion showed that the total glycosides of cistanche had no obvious toxic or side effects; Peng Liang et al. [47] found that Cistanche deserticola tea was non-toxic under the experimental conditions, and did not show acute, subchronic toxicity and genetic toxicity. The results of the safety evaluation of Cistanche deserticola extract by Zhang Juan et al. [48 ⏴ 50] showed that Cistanche deserticola was non-toxic and harmless, and would not cause any acute, subacute, chronic, or other potential harm to human health. Ren Kegong et al. [51] showed that after taking 40 doses of Cistanche deserticola continuously, no damage was found to the heart, liver, and kidney functions. The safety evaluation results of Cistanche deserticola provide a scientific basis for its application as a raw material of health food.
3. Application of Cistanche deserticola in health food
At present, “desert living cistanche”Cistanche deserticola is widely used as raw material in health food approved on the market. According to the health food information approved by the State Food and Drug Administration, there are 45 kinds of domestic and 2 kinds of imported health food containing Cistanche deserticola as raw material. Summarize the information of approved health food containing cistanche deserticola as raw material. The approval number includes Guoshijian Zi (21), Weishijian Zi (24), and imported health food (2). The approved health food containing Cistanche deserticola has the functions of relieving physical fatigue, delaying aging, enhancing immunity, defecating, etc., as shown in Table 1. The health food products with Cistanche deserticola as the main raw material include alcohol, tea, tablets, granules, capsules, oral liquid, etc., as shown in Figure 1.
Table 1 Approved dietary supplement function claims containing Cistanche
Fig.1 Statistics on dietary supplement distribution of Cistanche health food have been approved
Among the approved health food containing Cistanche deserticola as raw material, 39 health food products contain Cistanche deserticola, 5 health food products contain Cistanche deserticola extract, and 3 health food products contain Cistanche deserticola extract. Cistanche deserticola is often used in combination with other raw materials. There is only one unilateral health food product with the raw material of Cistanche deserticola, and the raw material used is Cistanche deserticola. The main functional ingredients of the approved health food containing Cistanche deserticola include echinacea glycoside, poolside, and crude polysaccharide. The content of the main functional ingredients of different health food varies greatly, ranging from 1.3 to 7.55 g of echinacea glycoside, 0.8 to 1.8 g of poolside, and 0.0736 to 3.5 g of crude polysaccharide per 100 g or 100 mL of health food. Unsuitable people are mostly children, pregnant women, nursing mothers, etc.
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4 .Conclusion
At present, the success of artificial cultivation and large-scale promotion of Cistanche deserticola not only protects the wild resources of Cistanche deserticola, but also effectively prevents wind and sand, promotes the ecological restoration of the desert, and helps protect and improve the ecological environment. The artificial planting of Cistanche deserticola can provide the raw material of Cistanche deserticola with a stable source, which provides a good material basis for the development of its related health food products. Cistanche deserticola has a wide range of medicinal and health value and is safe and non-toxic. The health food with Cistanche deserticola as the main raw material has a variety of health functions, alleviating physical fatigue, delaying aging, enhancing immunity, defecating, etc. With the continuous deepening of the research on Cistanche deserticola and the continuous discovery of new pharmacological effects, the application of Cistanche deserticola is increasing. The full development and utilization of its health characteristics and the development of more healthy food can provide health services for more people. While developing cistanche deserticola health food, it is necessary to establish relevant quality standards and test methods for healthy food raw materials to ensure the quality of healthy food. With the continuous enhancement of people's health awareness, the cistanche deserticola industry will get rapid development, and the development of healthy food with cistanche deserticola as raw material has broad prospects.
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